Ball bearings for satellite deployment systems

Communications, meteorology and Earth observation

Weather, communications and Earth observation satellites orbit in low Earth fly. (LEO). Once the satellites have reached their orbit, the sensors, antennas and reflectors are deployed. 
These deployment systems are among the key mechanical assemblies of modern satellites. Systems such as Large Deployable Antennas (LDA) and Large Deployable Reflectors (LDR(S)) with the Antenna Deployment and Base Mechanism can reach diameters of more than ten metres in orbit. To ensure that such large-scale structures can be deployed reliably, high-precision and durable bearing solutions are required that remain functional even under the extreme conditions of space.
Atenna reflector

Ensinger Plastics in adjustable antenna reflectors

Functional requirements for bearing solutions in orbit

Bearing solutions in space are subject to exceptional operating conditions. They must function in a vacuum, under extreme temperature fluctuations and in the presence of intense radiation. Lubricants such as greases and oils evaporate or release gases, which can damage sensitive components. As relubrication is not possible in orbit, consistently stable friction behaviour is crucial. 
At the same time, the bearings must maintain high precision and low friction coefficients over millions of movement cycles. Even a single jerky start or stutter can jeopardise the controlled deployment of the antennas and reflectors. The bearing cage must therefore be made from a suitable material that extends the bearing’s service life by selflubrication .
Furthermore, the operating conditions demand bearing designs that offer high strength with low weight and retain their dimensional stability and accuracy even under thermal stress.

Material development in the ESA SLPMC2 project – TECASINT 8591 

To meet the requirements and reduce reliance on overseas suppliers, the ‘Self-Lubricating Polymer Matrix Composites (SLPMC2)’ project was launched. As part of this project, Ensinger Sintimid, in collaboration with the European Space Agency (ESA) and Aerospace & Advanced Composites (AAC), developed the new tribological material type TECASINT 8591.

This self-lubricating containing special lubricating additives and fillers, meets high tribological requirements such as low friction and wear at slow sliding speeds without stick-slip effects. The lubricant is carried off the TECASINT 8591 cage material by the sliding of the balls and transferred to the raceway of the ball bearing, thereby creating a uniform and lasting lubricating effect. Even at cryogenic temperatures and under vacuum, this material exhibits excellent sliding properties and is therefore ideally suited for use as bearing material in space.

The Ensinger material is a suitable and ESA approved alternative to the well-known the PGM-HT.

In addition to its tribological properties, the material meets the outgassing limits according to ECSS Q70-02 and exhibits low post-shrinkage.

TECASINT 8591 grey

 TECASINT 8591 based on PTFE with special sliding additives is characterised by excellent self-lubricating properties....

Constant torque and reliable friction behaviour

A particular challenge is maintaining a constant torque over at least 20 million bearing revolutions. Test results show that TECASINT 8591 is characterised by lower ball bearing torque compared to the competitor’s product, PGM-HT. Undesirable stick-slip effects do not occur.

 Bearing test: TECASINT 8591 versus PGM-HT

Ball bearing test with TECASINT 8594 Ball bearing cage with an outer diameter of 40 mm
TECASINT 8591
Low friction & wear tested over more than 20 million revolutions

Approved by the ESA

During the project phase, AAC investigated all the relevant properties of the new material, including density, hardness, thermal expansion, self-lubricating properties, outgassing behaviour, and friction and wear characteristics across a wide temperature range, and tested initial applications in collaboration with industry partners. Even at cryogenic temperatures and in a vacuum, the material demonstrates excellent sliding properties. Following evaluation of the results, TECASINT 8591 was approved by the ESA as an alternative to the previous single-source material PGM-HT. Initial customers are already testing the material for bearing cages in deployable antennas and reflectors.
grey plastic ball bearing
grey ball bearing in metall

Typical properties

  • Highly Selflubricating
  • Low coefficient of friction
  • No stick-slip effects
  • Less wear and friction
  • Low bearing torque
  • Tight tolerances and no shrinkage
  • Low outgassing according to ECSS Q 70-02
  • Coefficient of thermal expansion CLTE comparable to PGM-HT (previous material)